contribution in categories & deleted Blogfolder

Hello,

with this post I kindly ask for help. My english is not good at all. But I am trying my best.

I am a newbie @wordpress. Till this day, I was able to solve every question with searching the net, but know I finally stuck.

I am using the Enfold theme with the child theme, I downloaded at this page.

When I started to build my blog, I deleted every example from the installation (this was not a good idea…).
I build new sites and new categories.
The imprint, Contactsite, data protection site works very well.

Now, after writing my first few articles I recognize that the view ist not the way I was expecting it.

The Startpage ist a fixed build site with a Gallery and a greeting.
At the Sidebar I put three categories. When I am writing an article, I choose a category, so that my links on the sidebar works.
Surprisingly after clicking at the category I see at the appearing site a list with my articles consisting with the header, authors name and the date.
There I have to click a link “read” to get at the finally article site. This view is not nice for visitors.

My first question is:
Is there a way to work at the category site to see a preview of each article? A few lines and a picture?
I think here I have to work with the thing called loop? I have no experience with html and Css. The explanations I found on this did not
answered my question because they were not explained for newbies. Do you have a tip on this for me? Maybe a easy way without CSS?

My second question is: (I suspect because of deleting the examples I have this problem.)
I do not find a solution to make a single site, page or category to list all my articles from top to down. Just the blogs job.
Do you have an idea how I can fix this problem?

Thank you very much for your support.

kindly regards
Ronny