This has been resolved. The problem ended up being Malware from a rogue plugin. The lesson for anyone else experiencing this issue is outdated, older, or discontinued plugins and/or WordPress installations can result in widespread Malware that replicates itself and causes extreme slowdown on your host’s server resulting in 500 internal server errors.
I appreciate your help on this issue. My host was having problems locating the source, but we got it under control and all back online.
I reached out to my hosting provider, who said everything on their end looks fine, and no error is being reported on the server or in the WordPress ErrorLog. I cleaned up the site plugins and theme files to hopefully address the issue. Any further insight on your end would be helpful.